6th topic

                     Web Applications 

     Al-hamdulillah finally we are in the last topic of this subject for this trimester which is all about web apps. In this topic as usual we started the definition of the internet quite related with the web which is the biggest network on the world that connects thousands of people and organization around the world and in addition web is the collection of the electronic documents. In that lecture hall my lovely teacher asked us to checked our knowledge that whether web and internet are the same or not. Afterwards, she explained us properly the difference among web and internet. What I have learnt from this lecture which web is the service in the internet when the internet the largest network in the world. So, to use the world wide web we have to use the internet, in addition to use the internet we don't have to use the web always.

     To be continue our respective lecturer also explained us about the definition of the web page. Usually a web application refer to all service or application on the internet. Whatever a web application can create, manage and display the video, audio or images that we can store from the server. As a great example of the web application is Facebook, Google documents, website and so on. To finish early our topic she continued with about the working process of the web application. At first started from the defining that website is the collection of document in addition web page is the simple web document consisting of the text and HTML tag. There are two types of web exists in the internet world one is static and another one is dynamic web page. Static webpage is the simple web page that only allow people to read. In this web page only the people who have knowledge about the web that person can update. The great example for this webpage is educational webpage, companies webpage and so on. Whatsoever, In the dynamic webpage user can upload and also comment in this webpage. As a example of dynamic webpage is content management system, discussion board and many more.

     During having this session we have learnt also about the generation of the web. As I became to knew that the generation of the web is divided into three generation. At first which is called as web 1.0, secondly that call as web 2.0, lastly which is called as web 3.0. During the first generation the information provided on the web was static content and the web is the in HTML coding. In web 1.0 bookmarking and hyper linking was two most important aspect of this web. Then the next generation is in web 2.0 that have the familiarity for the advance internet, technology and application. It's provides ability of external editing for example web users may extend, undo and redo each others work such as in blogs, posts and the comments of individuals are displayed, shared or managed and so on. 

  So far, now we are in processing with the types of programming language. She described us properly to understand more. Firstly, she taught us that programming language is two types such as low level language and high level language. Low level language is more dependent language and it consists of another two types of language which are machine language and assembly language. Machine language is the serious of the binary digits. In addition assembly language is programme that written using the symbolic codes. It's also uses the symbolic memory address. Whatsoever, return back to high level language (HLL) which is more users to friendly language. There are three generation of this language which are third generation PL, fourth generation PL and fifth generation PL. Third generation language also as known as procedure language and the one of the best example of this language is FORTAN - C, COBOL -C++, BASIC, Pascal ActiveX and so on. Fourth generation language is also known asnon-procedural languages. The example of fourth generation is visual basic (VB) and visual age. As the last one is as known as fifth generation language which is object-oriented and web development tools. Prolog, AJAX and JAVA script are the best example of the fifth generation language.

     This part is the as a last part of the class as well for this trimester which was about based on web based application or web based collaboration tools as like as google apps technology. During this lecture our miss briefed us more about the tools of collaboration. Google application is the sites of the application from the google. In this google application there is oppourtinity of masseging, calendering, documents, video and so on. To make this topic clear to us our miss has shown us the application image. From this class I really achieve lots of knew knowledge based on ICT which I didn't know before this.

5th topic

                   Internet Applications and 
                           world wide web

     Al-hamdulillah finally we reached in topic five which is all about Internet applications and world wide web. this is one of the most important part which consist in our daily life. We can't even pass a day without internet. Whatever, our lovely miss started our class with the defining the Internet which is the largest network in the world that connects people or organization all over the world. Again internet is a global system interconnected networks that uses the stander internet protocol to serve billions of user. Afterwards, she also briefed us about the uses of internet. We use internet in various work in our daily life such as searching information, business partner, shopping by on-line and so on.  

     After having this session our respective lecturer described the short briefed history of the Internet. Internet invented from long time for this present world. Internet first began in 1960 by the defence advanced research projects agency (DARPA). This organization first start the study of interconnecting network in various kinds. Afterwards, in 1969 internet created the ARPANET. Furthermore, in 1986 USA national science foundation initiated the improvement of national science foundation network and it's also present network. After that, she informed us about the service of the internet. There are many types of service in the internet such as email, world wide web, protocol, instant massaging, chat room, IR and so on. Among them one of the important service in the internet is email which is electronic mail. People are the users they use it to create, send, receive and to store the email. As a great example by the yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail or MSN people can contribute with others from one corner to another. 

     As a next part our lovely miss started with the internet service which is all about the web. This web was created by Tem Berners Lee. It's contains hypertext links, or highlighted key words and images  that lead to related information. A web is organized using documents is called web pages. Whatever, a collection of linked web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a web site. Again the web site is collection of the documents. As a great example like AIU website which example given by my lovely teacher to understand properly. Afterwards she also taught us about the uniform resource locators, in which to identify a web pages exact location, web browsers rely on uniform resource locator (URL). In a URL there are four part that tell the web browsers transfer protocol, the domain name, path name of the folder and the name of the file. To make understand us properly she gave us example of the HTML. To access the web we have to connect the internet then internet service provider then we need special software to called a browser to access the web. As agrat example of web browser such as Google chorme, Firebox, Opera mini, Safari, Internet explorer or Bing and so on.

     Energy is goes to finish but haven't finish yet still in processing the topic. However, the next part started with the internet service such as (VOIP) which is as known as voice over internet protocol or internet telephony. people use this VOIP to make phone call or video call. For example they can contact with their family, friends or others by the Skype, yahoo voice, windows live call or net-meeting and so on. Next is about news group, which is an electronic board where we can discuss about the specific topic and also includes the news reader. She also maintain about the chat room which is quite similar with the VOIP (voice over internet protocol). As a example of chat room is real chat, yahoo message chat room or AOL chat room and so on. 

4th topic

Database management System

       Finally, we are in topic four which is all about database management system. We started our class by the definition of database which is a place to store manages and relatives data or information in information system. Database has much application that used in organization, bank, college and universities. We can apply the database application in bank, hospital, university, and even in the food production. During having this part she also thought us the significant item from this topic which is database application. From this class I became to know this which is the function of database that used to store, organize and control the data.

      Then she started the next sessoin with the database structure. She thought us that database structure which are four types for the modern database, among them the very first one is the actual database which is as known as content. Secondly, which is hardware that helps to process and store the data. Thirdly, software to manipulate the contents data which is relation with the software. As the last one is people who access, control and modification of the data. After getting the concept about the database as well as it's structure she continued with database management system (DBMS), which is a software package used to manipulate the database and also called database programme. As a great example of database management system which are Microsoft access, File marker, Clippers, RDBMS as well Oracle and so on. 

      Beside giving us the definition of (DBMS) she also informed us about the feature of (DBMS), which allows user to create new database, give user the ability to query and modify the data using appropriate language or data manipulation. There are three types of language that used in database management system such as (DDL) data definition language, (DML) data manipulate language and (SQL) structured query language. 

      We are still in processing in this topic. As a next part we started with the components of database management system. There are six types of components of database such as field, record, table, key field, rational database and objects. In this components field is column and record is row. Again the components of database that is table in database which called as entity. It's represent by the particular object in the real world such as a person, a place or an event. Their entities can be thought of as nouns and it's also represented in tables. As a great example students information system entity is student, subject, course, timetable and result. Then next is key field which usually represents the number as a example students ID number and subject code. As a last one is components schema or relationship. Schema is describe the relationships between the entities and we can show the relationship in the form of diagram. There are three types of relationships exists in schema such as one to one, one to many and many to many. Firstly, one to one relationship each raw in one database table which related to only one raw in the another table. As a great example student and ID number or subject code. Secondly, one to many there will be linked from table to table in many rows and many to many rows relationship is more then one rows will be linked with the another table.                       

   

     From the last part our miss has shown us the components of database user, database models and it's types. Firstly the components of database users such as end user, application programmes and database administrator. Secondly the models of database are structure, characteristics, description and organization. Lastly, there are some types of database models such as hierarchical database, rational database, network database and object-relational database. Hierarchical model was developed in 1960 by IBM company which is information management system like upside-down tree. It's structure contains levels or segment likewise organizational chart. This is the model of organizes data in a tree structure. It can may establish one to many relationship. So these are the things that we have learnt in this topic.

3rd topic

  Information System

           In this trimester as a last lesson which was related to information (IS) and the system methodology. During this week our lovely miss taught us about the (IS) which we are familiar as an information system, and she described a short detail based on this topic. Based on my understanding, what I have learned the definition of the information system is the set of components or elements, which works on the base of it's module. In information system we have to follow the IS module which is start from input and processing to create output by using information system.

       After having finished this part she also described us about (CBIS). Which is a combination of software, hardware, telecommunication networks that people build and use to collect, create, distribute data or information in an organization. Furthermore, that is the software based solution used together and analyse the information. She also explained us about different types of (CBIS), which we use in an organization to develop new technology. Afterwards, she focused on the common usage of (CBIS) in organization and in business. In organization business, people and information are inter related. In the business strategy, we use three types of information such as strategic, tactical and operational. These types of information in business organization used by people, worker and end user.

                                                             
     After giving the short summary our beloved lecturer has described us about the components of CBIS such as hardware, software, database, telecommunication network as well people and so on. Afterwards she gave us concise idea based on the components of CBIS and their uses in information system. She has also shown us the difference among software, hardware and their components. From my understanding software is an intangible part of computer but hardware allowed user to enter data into the information system. The the following one is database which is organised collection of interrelated data. It is the place to store data. The next is telecommunication which means to all communication media. As a last one is people means the person who manage , run the programme and maintain the data. On the other hand, people are also include in components of IS. They also can be IT architecture, system analyst or designer.

                                                             
     Times was going so fast, but we are still in the same topic. So, to continue our topic in the next class our sweet and lovely lecturer taught us about the development information system methodology which is the under topic of information system. To check our understanding our lecturer asked us some question from the previous part before continuing our class. Then she continue the class by the system development which is the process of defining, designing  testing, implementing new software application or programme and so on. There are seven kinds of information system development methodology exists in the tecnological word between them three methodology are most important such as SDLC, PROTOTYPING and STRADIS. We also can define the system methodology which is all about a conceptional model used in project management and also describe all the stages that used in information system management. There are six participants in system methodology such as project manager, stockholder, users, programmer, system analyst as well support personnel which method also follow the six stage to work on it.

                                  

2nd topic

                                       IT and ICT


    As the 2nd topic which was all about IT and ICT that started after finished the 1st topic. During the lecture our beloved miss explained us a short summary about computer system and their uses in our daily life. We are using computer system in the communication technology (ICT). As I have learnt in this class that ICT refers to communication technology. Again ICT is similar to IT but focuses on communication technology which is includes the internet, networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. During the having lecture our lovely miss has also shown us some example on this lesson that helped us to understand more clearly. 

    Another lesson of this topic all about the IT, which refers to information technology that is a term to indicate all kinds of technology. Information technology used to create, store, exchange, and for using information. Again information technology which is computer based tool that people used to work with information, support the information and information processing needs of an organization. To make clear the topic our lecturer gave us more example which we are using in our daily activities such us telephones, web sites, multimedia and so on. 

      

      During this session our respective miss also inform us about the concept of IT architecture and IT infrastructure. From my point of view, IT architecture is the map or plan of the information which assets in an organization. Again, IT architecture is which integrates entire organization's business needs for information, infrastructure, and applications. One more concept of IT is IT infrastructure, which is the all about the physical facilities, IT service, IT component, and IT personal that support an entire organization. The meaning of IT component is all the hardware, software and communication technology. Beside that IT personal means the people who keep a significant roles in order to make use this technologies. Another one is IT service which provided for people. As a great example data management, systems development and security management.
                     
   

      Afterwards, in lecture class our madam taught us the uses of ICT in our daily life. Based on my understanding from my lecture class that ICT is uses in healthcare, education, banking, business, government and science. Among them the most useful part in our daily life is education and banking. In education ICT uses in 
e-learning, equips computer lab, classroom with computer and smart board are best example uses of education. Secondly, in banking ICT uses as a smart card, electronic fund transfer, electronic data interchange, 
E-banking and automated teller machine (ATM). She also explained us more to understand better which is all about example of ICT uses in business. In business ICT uses by lap-top computers, mobile telephones, 
e-mail, multimedia communication, database and e-business. I really got extensive knowledge from this learning outcome.

1st topic

                 Data and Information Management

              In this trimester in (IT) class the first topic was about data and information management, which associated with information management. It was really nice topics, and it's made me interested to learn about information technology. so, now I would like to review about what I have learnt in my IT class. In this topic the first definition which was based on computer. However, a programmable machine that carries out what it has been instructed to do. Therefore, this machine can perform five operation processing cycle among them four are basic operation such as input, processing, output, storage and others is communication. From my point of view, when we perform an operation and give instruction as a input, then computer start processing and give us output as an information. The whole process of computer to store data which use operations to get out put. Furthermore from this class, we also have gotten remarkable knowledge about the generations of computer. They are divided into five generation such as -
1. 1st generation: Vacuum tube.
2. 2nd generation: Transistors.
3. 3rd generation: Integrated circuits (IC).
4. 4th generation: ULSI/VLSI.
5. 5th generation: Artificial intelligence.

   The first generation started from 1940 to 1950, it's a vacuum tube. The first electronic computer is (ENIAC) whch was built by J.prseper Eckert and Jhon Mauchly in 1945 during the second world war. Therefore, the first commercial computer (UNIVAC) in 1951, it's a universal automatic computer.

   Second generation started from 1950 to 1964, which is transistors and that was invented by William Shokley, John Baedeen and Walter Brattain. Beside that, the vacuum tube was replaced by transistors. 

   Next is third generation which was started from  1964 to 1974, it's integrated circuits (IC). Integrated circuits combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer chip.
   
    Thereafter, next is the fourth generation started from 1974 and continuing until present. Fourth generation computer are called modern computer. The computer are used are called as ULSI (ultra large scale integration) and VLSI (very large scale integration). Millions of components could be fit into a small chip was ensured in this generation.

   Last is the fifth generation starting from now and will be until future, which is called artificial intelligence computers. This generation will be very useful because it's able to think, reason and learn about everything. Based in this generation, primary means of input voice and touch.

   
      During this topic our beloved miss also introduced us with the categories of computer. The computer categories are -
1. Embedded computer.
2. Mobile computer.
3. Personal computer.
4. Midrange servers. 
5. Mainframe computer.
6. Super computer.

    These six categories of computer are perceive for different kind of function. Likewise the first categories is embedded computer which is a mini computer and embedded into a specific product for a specific function. Secondly, the mobile computer which is small computer and it can fit in our hand, contain built-in computing or internet capabilities. Thirdly, personal computer which is fully functioning portable or desktop computers and designed for a single user at a time. Next is midrange servers which is physically likes small cabinet, hosting data and programs available to a small group of users. Therefore, next is mainframe computers which is a large, expensive, very powerful computer that can handle hundreds of thousands of connected users simultaneously. Lastly is supercomputers which is the fastest, most powerful and most expensive category. And extremely powerful computers used for complex  computation and processing.

   The main ideas about information technology is to get knowledge about data and information. As my respective miss has explained us more based on this topic. From my point of view, data is the raw facts which can be the form of numbers, symbols, pictures or sounds. Data is meaningless and unless it processed in computer and convert into information as an output. And information which is meaningful that used to persuade, influence as well making decision too. Information has two basic concepts one is 'reach' and another is 'richness'. Richness has three components firstly 'bandwidth' secondly 'customization' and lastly 'interactivity', which explains about amount of information and interaction between two organizations. 

   To process the data we have to follow the I-P-O method, which includes with input, processing and output. our beloved miss also explained us clearly about input, processing and output. Firstly, an input device which is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer. Secondly, processing is data which exist in CPU and CPU is the key component of digital computer system. Lastly, output is data which has been processed into a useful form. Again, an output device is any type of hardware component which conveys information to one or more people.

   As the last part of the topic which was about information management. our respective lecturer has given us clear information based on this content of the first topic. From my point of view,  information management (IM) is a general terms which refers to managing any kind of information or any kinds of information that we manage and how we manage our information. To do the information management (IM) peoples and organisations are confronted with many problems  and issues. Among them some problems are related to information or information management (IM) as well as large number of information system, disorganised data and information, and information overload. Every problem has a right way solution so, we can overcome this problem by using electronic records management system (RM), learning management system (LM), and as well customer relationship system (CRM).